Browsing by Author "Ruslan, Muhammad Syafiq Hazwan"

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    Empirical and kinetic modelling on supercritical fluid extraction profile of areca catechu nuts
    (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2016) Ruslan, Muhammad Syafiq Hazwan
    Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using carbon dioxide is an advanced extraction technique commonly used for extraction of organic and bio-active compounds from herbs and plants, sterilization, waste treatment, cleaning, and polymer material plasticizer. In the extraction of Areca catechu nut, the active compound is catechin which possesses a dye pigment in it. The aims were to determine the best operating conditions for extraction of catehin from Areca catechu nut using SFE method and conduct solubility and kinetic studies on the extraction process. Operating conditions used for optimization were pressure (20 to 30 MPa), temperature (50 to 70 °C) and flow rate (2 to 4 mL/min). Extraction conducted using SFE with 5% methanol as co-solvent to enhance the polarity of solvent while detection and quantification of catechin were done using a high performance liquid chromatogram (HPLC). Solubility studies were also conducted to get the best correlation with the lowest value of absolute average relative deviation (AARD) using the modified Chrastil equation, modified Del Valle-Aguilera (DVA) model, Mendez Santiago-Teja (MST) model, Thakur-Gupta (T-G) model and Gordillo model. While kinetic study was conducted using the Broken and Intact Cell (BIC) model coupled with the simplified Sovová model. Preliminary studies show that the best particle size used for extraction using supercritical fluid is 177.5 µm with 5% methanol as co-solvent. The highest extract was obtained at the highest extraction condition of 4 mL/min, 70 °C and 30 MPa with 0.3400 g/ 10 g sample. Concurrently, the highest concentration of catechin was also obtained at the same conditions with 9.9772 µg catechin / mg extracts. The MST model shows the best correlation with overall AARD value of 0.3734% followed by the T-G model, modified Chrastil equation, Gordillo model and modified DVA model. The mass transfer coefficient of fluid phase varies from 0.35 to 3.96 min-1 and solid phase from 0.00015 to 0.00353 min-1 with overall AARD value of 7.37%. The study has proposed a new solubility model to comply with the usage of modifier in the process