dc.contributor.author	Mahmud, Khoirun Nisa
dc.date.accessioned	2024-04-24T07:22:09Z
dc.date.available	2024-04-24T07:22:09Z
dc.date.issued	2017
dc.description	Thesis (PhD. (Bioprocess Engineering))
dc.description.abstract	Processing of oil palm fruit into valuable commodities resulted in the generation of large volumes of solid biomass which contributes to various environmental problems. Current practice of leaving the biomass at the plantation area to putrefy, does not contribute to the economy of the nation even though huge potential of high-value biocompounds are present in these biomass. From the available processes for biomass management, pyrolysis offers excellent solution due to quick process and production of useful by-products which can be utilized further such as pyroligneous acid (PA). Nevertheless, very few studies were reported regarding the optimization of total phenolic contents (TPC) in PA using statistical approach. In this study, optimization of pyrolysis process was carried out to maximize the production of PA with highest TPC from palm kernel shell (PKS) and its bioactivities using experimental design including two-level fractional factorial design and subsequently Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using central composite design (CCD). From the results, the following condition were obtained; final temperature of 429 °C, heating rate of 1.34 °C/min, holding time of 39 min, gas flow rate of 0.42 L/min and condensing temperature of 7.2 °C. PA produced in optimized (OPPA-PKS) and unoptimized (IPA-PKS) conditions were extracted using ethyl acetate (EA) and fractions containing highest TPC (F15-17 EA-OPPA-PKS was 673.49 ± 6.05 µg GAE/mg; F13-15 EA-IPA-PKS was 866.84 ± 54.28 µg GAE/mg) were subsequently characterized for its bioactivities. Results of antioxidant assay for F15-17 EA-OPPA-PKS as follows; DPPH was 61.63 ± 1.19 %, TEAC was 1101.83 ± 4.59 µg Trolox/mg, FRAP was 11.80 ± 0.41 mmol Fe(II)/mg, hydroxyl radical scavenging was IC50 283.85 ± 0.90 µg/mL, and superoxide radical scavenging was IC50 491.49 ± 5.99 µg/mL. For F13-17 EA-IPA-PKS, the results of antioxidant assay as follows; DPPH was 75.34 ± 3.40 %, TEAC was 1346.48 ± 5.29 µg Trolox/mg, FRAP was 11.80 ± 0.41 mmol Fe(II)/mg, hydroxyl radical scavenging was IC50 270.34 ± 4.88 µg/mL and superoxide radical scavenging was IC50 472.32 ± 1.87 µg/mL. The viability of cell was more than 94.29 % for F15-17 EA-OPPA-PKS and more than 93.08 % for F13-17 EA-IPA-PKS. The nitric oxide production for F15-17 EA-OPPA-PKS and F13-17 EA-IPA-PKS were 6.65% and 6.55% respectively. The results of bioactivities suggested potential application of PA as alternative source for synthetic antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs. The suitability of the model employed and the success of RSM in optimizing the pyrolysis conditions to obtain the high TPC in the PA from PKS, PA fractions as natural-based source for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound(s), and the feasibility of agricultural biomass as new source of bioactive compounds are the important findings in this study
dc.description.sponsorship	Faculty of Chemical Engineering
dc.identifier.uri	http://openscience.utm.my/handle/123456789/1115
dc.language.iso	en
dc.publisher	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
dc.subject	Phenols—Analysis
dc.subject	Pyrolysis—Environmental aspects
dc.subject	Agricultural biotechnology
dc.title	Optimization of total phenolic contents in pyroligneous acid from oil palm kernel shell and its bioactivities
dc.type	Thesis
dc.type	Dataset

Optimization of total phenolic contents in pyroligneous acid from oil palm kernel shell and its bioactivities

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